Irrigation and drainage are two fundamental practices in agriculture and land management.
Irrigation involves the artificial application of water to soil to assist in the growth of crops. This is particularly important in areas where rainfall is insufficient or unreliable to sustain plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation, including surface irrigation (flooding), sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation, each suited to different soil types, crops, and water availability.
Drainage, on the other hand, is the process of removing excess water from soil to improve agricultural productivity and prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot and other problems. Drainage systems can consist of surface ditches, subsurface pipes, or a combination of both, designed to efficiently remove excess water while minimizing soil erosion.